#Liquid crystal display ion bonding full#

Unfortunately for Stonehouse, his amazing foresight has since been overshadowed by his attempt (in 1974) to fake his own death to avoid punishment for multiple counts of fraud and forgery.īut before we get back to the colourful characters involved, let’s take a look at the science of LCDs.

#Liquid crystal display ion bonding full#

The story begins back in 1967 when John Stonehouse, a Labour MP and minster for technology under Prime Minister Harold Wilson, established a group to develop a technology that had only just made its debut on Star Trek – a full colour flat-screen display. An extension of this process is towards utilizing the above process for sustained release formulations of proteins and peptides.Professor George Gray. This helps in creating a uniform distribution of the API in the polymer matrix and therefore provides a sustained release of the API for a long period of time with almost no burst release. These particles are built on the basis of van der Waal’s forces of attraction between the polymer strands and the API nanoparticles and amongst themselves.

A further step into the development of sustained release formulations involves microencapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) nanoparticles in solid form into biodegradable polymer microparticles. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic types of drugs are tested and reduction in initial burst release was obtained. The surface layer imparts additional mass transfer barrier to the drug release, thereby reducing the initial burst release. This surface covalent bonding is carried out by polymerization of crosslinkable monomers by UV light. To address this challenge, surface covalent bonds are added to the drug/polymer microspheres. A current challenge is due to too much drug release (burst release) during the first day itself, causing the drug level to rise above the toxic limits. In controlled drug release applications, drug is encapsulated in polymer microspheres, and the drug release occurs by the biodegradation of the polymer. Strengths of h-bonding are examined using both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular modeling and simulation. This depends upon finding the right combination of liquid crystal and dichroic dye molecules that exhibits strong hydrogen bonding along the longitudinal length of the molecule. A strong hydrogen bond between the two enhances the contrast properties of the LCDs. For fast optical switching of the pixels, hydrogen bond between the liquid crystal molecule and dichroic dyes plays an important role. The liquid crystal molecule responds to the change in the electric field (i.e., pixel switching), whereas the dye molecule exhibits optical absorption. In liquid crystal displays (LCDs) the active element is a liquid crystal matrix with several dichroic dyes dissolved in them. By developing a fundamental understanding and means of enhancing the strength of these bonds, product improvement can be achieved for a better overall performance. The most important factors that play a major role in molecular bonding are the intermolecular forces and intermolecular distances. Current challenges in the product performance are examined and then improvements in the product performance from a perspective of molecular bonding are proposed. This dissertation involves examination of hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds and van der Waal’s bonds in order to improve performance of a wide variety of products in the present commercial world: liquid crystal display in computers and laptops, and sustained release formulations in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery. Various types of bonds are: ionic bond, covalent bond, co-ordinate bond, metallic bond, van der Waal’s bond and hydrogen bond. Molecular Bonding plays an important role in the performance of product and chemical processes.